1   Introduction

A mood expresses the manner in which the action or state conveyed by the predicate is conceived by the speaker. There are four moods in the Finnish language: indicative, imperative, conditional, and potentional. They differ from each other by a mood marker which is located before the personal suffix and after the possible passive marker. The following table shows the structure of a finite form of a verb. A finite form consists of at least the stem and a personal suffix.

stem + passive marker + tense or mood marker + personal suffix + clitic particles

2   Indicative

The indicative expresses that the action is real. It has no mood marker, but it conjugates in all the tenses unlike the other moods.

2.1   Present Active

The present active indicative is formed by adding a personal suffix to the present stem.

present stem + personal suffix

Personal suffixes of the present active indicative are shown in the following table. The third person singular has no personal suffix, if the present stem ends in a diphthong; otherwise the personal suffix is a vowel lengthening. The third person plural has two variants for the personal suffix due to the vowel harmony.

Person	Singular	Plural
1st person	-n	-mme
2nd person	-t	-tte
3rd person	-, vowel lengthening	-vat/-vät

2.2   Present Passive

The present passive indicative is formed by adding the passive marker -ta/-tä and the personal suffix -Vn (vowel lengthening + n) to the passive stem.

passive stem + passive marker + personal suffix

Different combinations of markers and suffixes that are added to the passive stem are shown in the following table.

-ta/-tä + Vn -> -taan/-tään
-ta/-tä + Vn -> -daan/-dään
-ta/-tä + Vn -> -laan/-lään
-ta/-tä + Vn -> -naan/-nään
-ta/-tä + Vn -> -raan/-rään

2.3   Past Active

The past active indicative is formed by adding the tense marker and the personal suffix to the present stem. The past tense marker is -i and it merges with the present stem.

present stem + tense marker + personal suffix or
past stem + personal suffix

Personal suffixes of the past active indicative are shown in the following table. The third person singular has not personal suffix and the third person plural has two variants for the personal suffix due to the vowel harmony.

Person	Singular	Plural
1st person	-i + n	-i + mme
2nd person	-i + t	-i + tte
3rd person	-i	-i + vat/vät

2.4   Past Passive

The past passive indicative is formed by adding the passive marker, the tense marker, and the personal suffix to the passive stem.

passive stem + passive marker + tense marker + personal suffix

Different combinations of markers and suffixes that are added to the passive stem are shown in the following table.

-ta/-tä + i + Vn -> -tiin
-tta/-ttä + i + Vn -> -ttiin

3   Imperative

The imperative expresses that the action is forced or desired. Its marker is a relic consonant, -ko/-kö, or -kaa/-kää. There is no form for the first person singular. The imperative conjugates in the present and perfect tense.

3.1   Present Active

The second person singular is formed by adding the mood marker to the present stem. This form has no personal suffix.

present stem + mood marker

The third person singular and all the plural forms are formed by adding the mood marker and the personal suffix to the infinitive stem.

infinitive stem + mood marker + personal suffix

Mood markers and personal suffixes that are used when forming the imperative are shown in the following table.

Person	Singular	Plural
1st person		-kaa + mme
2nd person	relic consonant	-kaa + (tte)
3rd person	-ko + on / -kö + ön	-ko + ot / -kö + öt

3.2   Present Passive

The present passive imperative is formed by adding the passive marker -ta/-tä or -tta/-ttä, the mood marker -ko/-kö, and the personal suffix -Vn (vowel lengthening + n) to the passive stem.

passive stem + passive marker + mood marker + personal suffix

Different combinations of markers and suffixes that are added to the passive stem are shown in the following table.

-ta/-tä + ko/kö + Vn -> -takoon/-täköön
-tta/-ttä + ko/kö + Vn -> -ttakoon/-ttäköön

4   Conditional

The conditional expresses that the action is conditional. Its marker is -isi and it conjugates in the present and perfect tense.

4.1   Present Active

The present active conditional is formed by adding a personal suffix to the conditional stem.

conditional stem + personal suffix

The mood marker and personal suffixes that are used when forming the conditional are shown in the following table. The third person singular has no personal suffix.

Person	Singular	Plural
1st person	-isi + n	-isi + mme
2nd person	-isi + t	-isi + tte
3rd person	-isi	-isi + vat/vät

4.2   Present Passive

The present passive conditional is formed by adding the passive marker -ta/-tä or -tta/-ttä, the mood marker -isi, and the personal suffix -Vn (vowel lengthening + n) to the passive stem.

passive stem + passive marker + mood marker + personal suffix

Different combinations of markers and suffixes that are added to the passive stem are shown in the following table.

-ta/-tä + isi + Vn -> -taisiin/-täisiin
-tta/-ttä + isi + Vn -> -ttaisiin/-ttäisiin

5   Potential

The potential expresses that the action is possible. Its marker is -ne and it conjugates in the present and perfect tense.

5.1   Present Active

The present active potential is formed by adding the mood marker and a personal suffix to the participle stem.

participle stem + mood marker + personal suffix

The mood marker and personal suffixes that are used when forming the potential are shown in the following table.

Person	Singular	Plural
1st person	-ne + n	-ne + mme
2nd person	-ne + t	-ne + tte
3rd person	-ne + e	-ne + vat/vät

5.2   Present Passive

The present passive potential is formed by adding the passive marker -ta/-tä or -tta/-ttä, the mood marker -ne, and personal suffix -Vn (vowel lengthening + n) to the passive stem.

passive stem + passive marker + mood marker + personal suffix

Different combinations of markers and suffixes that are added to the passive stem are shown in the following table.

-ta/-tä + ne + Vn -> -taneen/-täneen
-tta/-ttä + ne + Vn -> -ttaneen/-ttäneen