Illative

1   Case Endings

The illative singular ending is -Vn, -hVn, or -seen in which the V indicates the final vowel in the essive stem. The illative plural ending is -in, -hin, or -siin.

2   Formation

The illative always requires a stem in the strong grade. Therefore, the illative singular is formed using the essive stem and the illative plural using the strong-grade plural stem. For the illative singular, there are three different case endings. The ending -Vn is used, when the stem ends in a single vowel or a vowel cluster that does not form a diphthong. The ending -hVn is used, when the essive stem ends in a diphthong or a long vowel and the nominative stem ends in a vowel. The ending -seen is used, when the essive stem ends in a long vowel and the nominative stem ends in a consonant or a relic consonant. For the illative plural, there are three different case endings, too.

2.1   Words that end in a vowel

If a word ends in a single vowel or two vowels that do not form a diphthong and the stem ends in a single vowel, the illative singular is formed with the ending -Vn. Analogously, if the stem ends in a single vowel, the plural is formed with the ending -in.

The illative plural ending -hin is used, when the strong-grade plural stem ends in a diphthong or a long vowel. The singular is formed with the ending -Vn as above.

If a one-syllable word ends in a long vowel or a diphthong, the illative singular is formed by adding the ending -hVn to the essive stem. The plural is formed by adding the ending -hin to the strong-grade plural stem.

If a polysyllabic word ends in a long vowel or a diphthong, the illative singular is formed with the ending -seen. The plural is formed with the ending -siin.

2.2   Words that end in a relic consonant

If a word ends in a relic consonant, the illative singular is formed with the ending -seen and the plural with the ending -siin or -hin.

2.3   Words that end in l, n, or r

If a word ends in l, n, or r, the illative singular is formed with the ending -Vn and the plural with the ending -in.

In this group, there are words whose nominative stem can also have an additional -e. These words decline like the words ending in a relic consonant (see above).

2.5   Words that end in t

If a word ends in t, the illative singular is formed by lengthening the last vowel of the essive stem and adding -n after it. The illative plural is formed by adding the ending -siin to the strong-grade plural stem.